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Color separation is a fundamental step in the print production workflow. A full-color digital image is split into four channels, one for each CMYK ink, plus any additional spot color channels. Each channel becomes a separate printing plate. The quality of the separation directly affects print fidelity; parameters like dot gain, ink density, total ink coverage, and GCR (Gray Component Replacement) or UCR (Under Color Removal) must be carefully calibrated for the specific printing press and paper stock. Modern prepress software handles separations automatically, but understanding the process is essential for troubleshooting print quality issues.